American Television In The 1950s And 1960s

American Television In The 1950s And 1960s The televisual representation of black people had been a highly contested phenomenon since the television broadcast of Amos n Andy in June 1951. It is believed that Amos n Andy defined for the first time the side that television was to take in the postwar to represent Black people in America. In Amos n Andy, Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll created and fixed an image of blackness, black people believed, which made racist Americans fight against them more and more. The program lasted just two years and was cancelled in the midst of growing protest by the black community in 1953. Because The Jeffersons not only was the first TV programs which featured African-Americans in leading roles since the cancellation of the infamous Amos n Andy show in 1953, but also the first television program to feature black couples. Because it was the first time television showed a rich, successful African American family, many people believed that the appearance of The Jeffersons was the first positive image of a new role model of Black African American families on television. However, John D.H.  [1]  pointed out that this television show may have been just a typical of American television fare because media image of American of African descent have ranged from the blatantly to the latently racist. Father knows best was, the first white family television sitcom and popular around 1950s-1960s. Therefore, I would like to use both The Jefferson and father knows best as examples to examine how race was constructed by American televisual representation. Just a few years after the Second World War, how to attain and live the American dream became one of the most prominent themes of the 1950s .Therefore, for helping Americans rebuild their dream, television program in 1950s was made as a creation of American dream rather than a reflection of society.  [2]  The television producers believed when people conformed to the ideal of beneficial families bring those family audiences stand up to the same level and made people more enjoy the sitcom and their life.  [3]  According to Census, in 1950, families with both the head and his wife present, were apparently the norm, accounting for 87.1%. A non-couple household was counted for 3.6%. The figure of independent female household just was 9.3%. it mean, during that period, most Americans demanded to see a family television shows which defined a household in patriarchal and nuclear terms, with the centre assumed to be a male breadwinner heading a household of his dependent wife and chi ldren. Therefore by adopting that idea, in Father knows bests world Andersons family has an upper-class, white-collar fathers, a stay-at-home wives, and two or three children whom lived in suburban. The television show offered viewers a comforting unified vision of the American family. In most episodes of Father knows best the stories were all about how the father helped the family find out one or two beneficial social formations from their everyday life. Moreover, by showing a special episode the importance of a strong American democracy in school, churched, civic organization , United State Treasury Department promoted U.S. Saving Bones. Given the sitcom show title father who knows best, the television producers hoped that the way of lived in father who knows best would made the majority of Americans understood what real meaning of beneficial family was. Some contemporary historians argued, although the show suggested that the white-middle upper class nuclear family may be the most naturally beneficial for all,  [4]  many women in particular still experienced the detrimental aspects of and expressed a high level of frustration with this isolated, suburban nuclear unit.  [5]  Moreover, some other historians and sociologists made commented on how unfulfilling suburban life could be and how impossible its contradictory, gendered demands could seem. Early social scientist, Franklin Frazier  [6]  , unwittingly used the idea of beneficial family to argue a social perspective of Black families on legacy of slavery and he believed slavery culture had left many Black families weak and female-dominated. Later, his ideas had been highly developing by Senator Moynihan at the height of the civil rights movement, which became the most politically-charged Black family issue of the century. By the end of the 1960s some revisionist scholars  [7]  challenged the point of view from early social scientist on African American families. The revisionist believed this perspective was narrow and they reclaimed the cultural heritage of African Americans, and rejected that notion that viable families had to conform to the male/breadwinner-female/homemaker structure. They described the adaptive nature and functionality of Black families  [8]  and documented their strengths and survival strategies  [9]  . At the same time, revisionist historians analyzed archival data from large plantations and argued that enslaved Black families often enjoyed relatively vibrant and stable family lives, that men participated in and contributed to those families, and that Black people embraced the two-parent, patriarchal family ideal as much as they could  [10]  . People could found some reflections of revisionist scholars opinions in The Jeffersons . Because the show was the first television program which feature black couples and created by independent producers, Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin during the 1970s to early 1980s, it may helped people understand the real culture of African Americans. The Jeffersons did superficially seem very different from Father knows best in many ways. Meanwhile both Father knows best and The Jeffersons adapted the same idea of nuclear family and both set the story in upper-middle class families. Neither family was wealthy; neither family was threatened by poverty or the continuing financial problem. The two programs seemed to go beyond male solidarity to centrality and superiority. This could be seen in their titles, the title father knows best speaks for Paternity. The Jeffersons did not make the statement very clearly through the title, but giving the family name of the breadwinner. Different from Father knows best, the story lines of the Jeffersons more focused on the lives of George and his wife Louise Jefferson rather than their children. In The Jeffersons , George was a successful businessman, millionaire; however his wife -Louise just was a former maid who was attempting to adjust her life from poor to rich. When they moved to a ritzy penthouse apartment on Manhattans fashionable and moneyed East Side with their son, Lionel, they try to fill their house with expensive furnishings. For quickly adapt the rich life, they even hired their own black housekeeper, a wise-cracking maid named Florence. Compared to Jim Andersons kindness and politeness, George Jefferson was rude and selfish. He frequently called white people as honkies. and attempt to rebel against the rich upper-middle class which he was in. An article in Ebony magazine in 1979 referred to him as bombastic, frenetic, boastful, ill-mannered, prejudiced, and scheming. Even his wife, Louise, saw George as Wheezy and spent most of her time apologizing for him. Moreover, the funniest moments came with the repartee between George and his maid Florence. She always called him Shorty and humiliated George but did not miss a chance to put him in his place. This attitude was very hard to see in Father knows best. I may argue that this could be seen as fragment of idea of the patriarchal family in African American culture, because women still in dominate position in family as old time. From the title, people should see George not only was a millionaire businessman- breadwinner of the family, but also the centre attention of the family. However in the show he often positioned himself as the buffoon of everyones joke. No one, not even his maid took his words seriously. As the Ebony article described,  [11]  He was often the victim of his own acts: a put-down that backfires, a contrivance that goes astray, an ego-filled balloon suddenly deflated. Patricia Mellencamp  [12]  believed that the ideal of beneficial families in tradition sitcoms portrayed the comic containment of women in traditional domestic roles-the angel in the house. Margaret Anderson in Father knows best was in such role; she was always on duty, preparing meals, cleaning the house, attending to the childrens need. However, someday, the angel in the house in Father knows best could rebel against her role and take a day off. But the situation of The Jeffersons was different; Louise Jefferson was a housewife with maid. Although she did not need to do any housework, she demands to work as slavery. When I first time watched The Jeffersons, I was not sure why Georges behaviour in such rude manner and why Louise demand work as slavery. But the second time, I had a different opinion that this may be the slavery culture of African American. Morgan  [13]  argued that in order to understand such African American culture, one must procure more than a superficial understanding of American enslavement of Africans, as slavery was the birthplace of African American culture. Conrad  [14]  made the argument in The Invention of the Negro; he believed that in many respects, White Americans created what became known as African American culture. Researchers insist that those interested in understanding and addressing the challenges faced by African American communities today. It must investigate the origin of those African American communities. This investigation would necessarily begin in the era of American institutional slavery. Ogbu  [15]  made the argument more Profound. She suggests that African American culture is similar to that of other American minority subcultures; Jones  [16]  argued every subculture was different. African American culture was not similar to any other American subcultures. Jones emphasized that African American culture was the only minority culture in the United States that was founded and created in slavery. Sue  [17]  insisted that, Slavery was one of the most important factors that shaped the social, psychological, economic, educational, and political development of Black people. Van Deburg  [18]  maintained that the root cause of the present sociocultural differences in American society. However I believed the Slavery culture could be change by education. In later black family sitcom cowboy show, it was very hard to find any phenomenon of Slavery culture. The CBS took a conservative view in the black civil right movement to represent the black in 1970. As watching Amos n Andy twenty years ago, Americas black community remained divided in their assessment of this television program-even It brought a slight change in society . Many critics complain that The Jeffersons was too idealized and too exaggerated and failed to fully represent African American life. The television programs slightly changed the view of African American over the decades, but the way shot and fix images of African Americans had not progressed very far at all. Nevertheless the show was highly popular both in Black America audiences and white America audiences. It could be seem as not only the CBS want to representation of African Americans in general white American way; but also black community appeal to adapt the traditional white families value and crossed lines of class and gender. Word account: 1900

Nissan Motor Company Ltd

Nissan motor company is a famous car manufacturing company that is recognized in the manufacture of Nissan type of cares. It is one of the largest car manufacturing companies in the world. Why demand and sales volume for a specific region are important when planning marketing strategies Cost allocation Marketing is a costly affair and as such its planning is quite essential. Some geographical regions demand more of the Nissan Motor cars than others. The essence of marketing is to create awareness of the existence and benefit of any commodity. Demand sales volume is therefore an important phenomenon when marketing as more costs will be allocated to geographical areas with low demand and poor sales volume. For areas when the demand and subsequent sales of the Nissan cars is considerably high, the firm need not pour lot of resources for the purpose of marketing. Demand When an analysis is carried out on demand in terms of classes of customers or age, it will help the organization in knowing the marketing methodologies to apply. If the Nissan cars are mostly used by young people, then marketing will also be done by young people and be carried in a manner to capture the attention of young people. The same applies when it is found out that it is elderly people who demand the cars more oftenly. Then the marketing would have to be strategize in away to accommodate them. Product differentiation Forecasting demand and sales volume provides a useful pattern of purchase by customers. When this is further stratified, it is possible to identify how the sales differed across different products. The same product’s demand might change due to product differentiation. Product packaging will then be strategized in a way to conform with what customers require more. Forecasts on where the industry will go in the future For the past 20 years the sales of Nissan Motor Company have increased by about 20%. This is due to intense auto – advertising campaigns. It is believed that the company will in the near future engulf the entire global market because of the awareness caused through better improved marketing strategies. It has also been forecasted that the industry will in future be the market leaders. Intelligent rationale as to why think this way This is because of extensive and hi – tech marketing. It is also because of the fact that many customers would be reached. Lastly, other companies are likely to be overshadowed by the Nissan Motor Company thus leaving it as almost monopolistic firms. Forecast on how the state of industry will change over the course of the foreseeable future Initially the company advertised its fleet of vehicles through the audio – visual media only i.e. through the radios and television. This was found not to be satisfactory and convincing on the customers. Then came the marketing through the company journals being circulated in offices and other working places for all and sundry to read and understand. The company has also used the web where various websites portray/ give various places of information. It is forecasted that in future the company would embrace â€Å"trade – exhibitions† us its marketing strategy. This involves displaying of their cars openly for the public view. It also allows customers to physically view the vehicles and where marketers more them around the workshops answering their questions in the process. How the changes came about These marketing changes came as a result of a number of factors. These are a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stiff Competition There was need to deviate from the usual marketing strategies being practiced by similar firms in the industry to more sophisticated and relevant ones. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Globalization / free trade The exhibitions especially in other countries have been facilitated due to globalization and free market. Countries now allow other countries to freely market their products in their own motherland and this has enhanced marketing for the Nissan Motor Company. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need to reach wider market The domestic market is quite insufficient and cannot be therefore relied upon by any organization to improve its sales volume. The need to reach a wider market has therefore led to such an evolution of the marketing industry from just a media exercise to Mega trade exhibitions. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Global demand for product Because of their nature, Nissan cars attract a significant demand. They are efficient in fuel consumption and durable. This makes them highly preferably compared to other makes/ types of cares. This high demand calls for extensive and global advertisement and marketing by the Nissan motor company. Impact of the changes on the industry a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considerable growth The evolution of the marketing strategies has led to the opening branches and /or selling points for the motor company. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   High profitability The new marketing strategies have led to a tremendous improvement of the company’s profits though the advertising costs have also gone upwards. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reduced competition Other similar firms have failed to fairly compete with the motor company due to its unique strategies Impact on buyers The buyers have maintained their loyalty on the Nissan cars due to the trade exhibitions which offer buyers the opportunity to physically see their products and ask questions. And because of their appreciation of their vehicles, average prices at which the buyers are willing to pay for them has also gone upwards.      

Freytag Pyramid of “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by William Shakespeare Essay

Lysander and Hermia, Demetrius and Helena, Titania and Oberon, Pyramus and Thisbe 1) Exposition: Lysander and Demetrius both want Hermia’s hand in marriage – Lysander because of love, Demetrius because of the position and power it would afford. Demetrius wants to marry Hermia to gain her father’s favor, along with his power and position. Helena is in love with Demetrius, who will not give her a second look. Titania and Oberon are angry with each other, jealous over each other’s fascination with Theseus and Hippolyta respectively. Pyramus and Thisbe cannot be together and can only whisper through a wall. 2) Inciting Incident: Hermia’s father orders her to marry Demetrius or commit herself to a nunnery forever. Helena finds out Hermia and Lysander are running away. She tells Demetrius so he will forget about Hermia and give her a chance. Bottom and gang steal away into the wood to practice for the play. Oberon casts a spell on Titania that she would fall in love with the first thing she lays eyes on. Pyramus and Thisbe lovers agree to meet in the dark of night at Ninny’s tomb. 3) Rising Action: Hermia and Lysander plan to run away into the wood. Demetrius follows Hermia and Lysander into the wood to retrieve Hermia. Helena follows Demetrius into the wood desperate to make him love her. Bottom and gang steal away into the wood to practice for the play. The lion approaches and scares Thisbe, who runs off. 4) Climax: Oberon orders Puck, to put a love spell on Demetrius so that when he awakens he will fall in love with Helena. Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius and puts the spell on the wrong mortal, who subsequently falls in love with Helena. Puck attempts to rectify his mistake by putting the spell on the correct mortal, Demetrius, who instantly falls in love with Helena. Titania first sees Bottom and falls in love. Pyramus arrives to find Thisbe’s mantle torn and bloody. 5) Falling Action: The two men fight over Helena while Hermia watches in horror. Hermia and Helena begin to fight. Oberon begins to feel bad for the poor mortals he has cast his spells upon. Pyramus believes Thisbe is dead. 6) Resolution: Puck applies the remedy to Lysander’s eyes while he sleeps, returning his love to Hermia. The lovers awake, Lysander and Hermia in love and Demetrius and Helena in love (though not knowing exactly why). Oberon removes the spell from Titania, who draws back in horror at the sight of bottom next to her. Believing Thisbe to be dead, Pyramus stabs himself and dies. 7) Denouement: The four lovers come together with the consent of everyone and watch a play of a Romeo and Juliet-style love story. The lovers ponder the meaning of love through the tragedy of the play, the mystery of what happened in the wood looming over them. Shakespeare concludes with an epilogue by Puck, the wood fairy, apologizing for any offense for their play with the mortals. Titania and Oberon celebrate Theseus and Hippolyta’s marriage, finally happy with each other. Thisbe finds Pyramus dead and kills herself. The lovers are finally together in death.

Steam Engines in the Industrial Revolution - 1571 Words

The Industrial Revolution took place in the late 1700s and early 1800s. This event caused a plethora of new inventions and a chain of events that led to betterment of the lives of people in this time. The invention of the steam engine made the connection of areas easier, leading to a transportation revolution, increased accessibility, cultural blending, and the spread of disease. began to use the steam engine for power. Although no official accounts of the harnessing the power of steam existed until the 1600s, a man named Hero living in Alexandria, Egypt attempted to create a steam-powered engine in 60 A.D (Hartman). Much later, Thomas Savery, in 1698, invented a hand-powered pump utilizing the vacuum created by condensing steam. This†¦show more content†¦Since more people were traveling, and more things were traveling, people wanted to be where the goods went. People would start living along the railroads, the crossroads of railroads, and living near the sea to buy and sell the newly transported goods, creating port cities in places of trade such as Boston or New York. This led to the urbanization of England and Germany (Curth). A revolution is defined as a dramatic change in how something is done or a change in people’s ideas (â€Å"Revolution†). These advances can be considered a revolution because so much change is happening, and the lives of the people are improving. Revolutions are event in history for a positive cause, as the revolution in transportation was for a positive cause. So many people were now realizing that transportation was important and can be improved upon ad infinitum. Since the steam engine made travel easier, goods and foods were able to be transported faster, causing an increased accessibility. A small problem in the international use of steam engines was the dissimilarity in parts used. Certain parts of the engines varied between companies, so only some trains could use the tracks (Ross). With all of the hype ov er transportation, roads were starting to be built, making the accessibility of goods even easier. Raw materials as well as manufactured goods were able to be traded at a faster rate, and making easier to distribute these goods to the people easier.Show MoreRelatedSteam Engines Of The Industrial Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe industrial revolution. The factories during this era, themselves, were powered by steam engines. But where did the steam engine come from? Who invented this revolutionary invention? How does the steam engine chug-chug at 50+ miles per hour by merely using hot air, emitted by boiling water. The answer to these questions: the steam engine was not invented nor developed solely by one person, but by contributions of a multitude of people throughout this time in history. A modern, simple steam engineRead MoreEffect of the Steam Engine on the Industrial Revolution1475 Words   |  6 PagesEffect of Steam Engine on Industrial Revolution The economy of England during the 18th century was one that needed rebuilding after many years of war with other countries. A breakthrough of new technology and ideas boosted the economy, creating a time known commonly as the Industrial Revolution. Specifically, there was one invention that defined the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine, a device powered by coal used to run machines at an efficient rate, was developed during the Industrial RevolutionRead More The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial Revolution1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an extremely important historical process in which the societies and cultures in the West, and then throughout the world, transformed under the influence of technological and scientific progress. The Western world, as industrialized as it is today, is the final result. Two major inventions, the steam engine and electricity, were both crucial parts of the technological progress that turned the wheelsRead MoreSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period947 Words   |  4 PagesSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period Being around for over 2000 years, the steam engine has proved its worth. Invented in the industrial revolution, â€Å"this heat engine performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.† Throughout its time the steam engine has had many uses, and been modified many times to change its pronounced task. This had led to the steam engine being a very important invention in the industrial revolution, changing life in social and economic ways that still impactRead MoreExtraordinary Impact of Inventions of the Industrial Revolution674 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Industrial Revolution was another of those extraordinary jumps forward in the story of civilization†. This quote by Stephen Gardiner pretty much summarizes a long, laborious period of time into a single 15-word quote. Urbanization, industrialization, and contamination, all formed part of this significant period of time in European history. Nevertheless, one aspect that better symbolized the Industri al Revolution was the sudden surge of new inventions and machinery that begun during theRead MoreNorth And South By Elizabeth Cleghorn1128 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod I chose was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was when societies went from making everything by hand to using machines and factories. It was a huge leap in human achievement and helped businesses make a lot more money than they used to, but also forced lower class people to work long hours in factories to produce goods. For the fiction writings, I chose the book North and South by Elizabeth Cleghorn and the short story â€Å"Life in the Industrial Revolution by someone with theRead MoreImpact Of The Industrial Revolution On Australia And America1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution was the change of the world. These changes were a development of machines and technology to make life easier by making things. The industrial revolution has changed the lives of many. Not only did it make work easier, more people were employed and services were updated and improved. The industrial revolution population increased. More homes were built, food was much cheaper because there was lots to go around. The industrial revolution has changed Australia and America betweenRead MoreThe Inventions During the Industrial Revolution879 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Science and Technology of the Industrial Revolution. My historical analysis will be about the inventions during the Industrial Revolution. The t hree I will be focusing on: The Water Frame, The Improved Steam Engine and the Sewing Machine. All three of those inventions all offer some sort of Problem, Progress and Promise to the Industrial Revolution. I will be analyzing those three things. One of the first inventions during the Industrial Revolution is the Water Frame. It was invented byRead MoreThe Steam Railway And The Invention Of The Modern Age993 Words   |  4 PagesThe steam railway was a significant invention in the development of the modern age. I believe that the steam engine was the most important invention to come from the industrial revolution. The expansion of the railway system across the United States and the world influenced how we live our lives today. Throughout the industrial revolution the steam railway reduced the time it took for freight to reach its final destination, expanded the reach people could sell products too, provided a safer transportRead MoreEssay on The First Industrial Revolution: Progressing Society1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution: Progressing Society The First Industrial Revolution modified every aspect of daily life. According to Princeton University â€Å"Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants† (Princeton par. 6). The First Industrial Revolution brought along machines, a capitalist economy, and trade expansion. Machines increased productivity, capitalist